300-600 AD

Since the age of the stone monument developers many societies have kept on finding inborn otherworldly incentive in unadulterated stone. In India, fashioners cut out the stone precipices or out of pilled rocks, they fabricated their sanctuaries with subtracting workmanship. The structure of shake cut sanctuaries jam what nature gave. In India, there an excessive number of duplicated religion spread after Roman realm fell. Distinctive religion has diverse sorts of sanctuary structures where they utilize nature over and over. Buddhists bolstered the undertakings for chaitya corridors and viharas over the northern and focal locales of India, be that as it may, they didn’t assembled their sanctuaries changeless.

While they made their sanctuaries, they utilized wooden design tecniques within it and they utilized flat retires of stone. They assembled unsupported building – because of the nature-and they open one door chaitya. (which I said some time recently). Chaitya lobbies proceeds through a steed molded curve with struts and they cut under its recessed peak in impersonation of wooden purlins. Toward the finish of this continious lobbies, stupas lays on a tube shaped pedestral, topped with a square harmika. We see this anticipates early Christian basilicas, with a wide nave flanked by side ambulatories.

When we look their constructiom and advances they plant the square womb chamber to help a pinnacle and the pinnacle component which is shikhara, recognized the Hindu sanctuaries from their buddhist antecedents. The shikhars had ascenting lines of stallion molded gavaksha peaks, utilized as edges for figures.

After Indians buddhist sanctuaries, in the vicinity of seventh and ninth century, Islamic religion spread towards the center east domains. In contrast, Islamic religion spread truly quick and we can state that there is autorized religion in center east and Muslims didn’t need to stow away. So they manufactured their structures for all time. Additionally they assembled their sanctuaries ‘camii’ with minaret. What’s more, we can without much of a stretch match Islamic sanctuaries to Buddhist with tower-minaret use beside their sanctuaries. Be that as it may, they separate with their clique structures. The majority of the Camii’s has arch with little and immense scale which depends in what vault reason for. In that ages, they utilize arches at center of the structure to demonstrate Khalifas’ zone. They fabricated that zone to ensure Khalifas against the assanation. In any case, a portion of the sanctuaries have tremendous vaults in light of the fact that endeavoring to demonstrate magnificiancy of the Islamic religion. In Islamic sanctuaries, for the most part of them utilizing horse-molded curves on exterior and enterences same as Buddhist sanctuaries. A portion of the curves has twofold curve framework in their building aswell.

800-1200 AD

ln lndia the two Buddhists and Hindus utilized the mandala a layered arrangement of geometric examples to make pictures and shapes for religious dedications. Sanctuary architects construct their plans and rises with respect to them. To addition that Mandala spoke to infinite request and in its most straightforward frame took after a square network. It propelled the view of complex representative scenes, for example, the colossal sanctuaries Borobudur and Angkor Wat. The scale and multifaceted nature of Khmer hydrological engineering,which included incredible basins,canals,and imposing dams and extensions, uncovered the progressed organizaitonal limit of its very concentrated and various leveled society. The development of gigantic sanctuaries in the political center and at pilgimage destinations all through the district required the magnificent oppression of masses of workers.

Then again, the Khmer line in Cambodia went much further toward outlining representetions of the universe. Angkor Wat “sanctuary city” likewise took after a mandala design like ı said some time recently. Its awesome measurements mirrored the greatness of his majestic aspirations and universe. Likewise a little data: we see the Angkor Wat in Cambodia’s banner. So it must be vital to the Cambodians.

In the meantime, in Spain, we see the Ummayad administration, an Islamic line, which supported an extravagant style of design. The Great Mosque of Córdoba offered a matchless fix of orthogonal request additionally promoted Ummayad political freedom, personality and prosperity. Its roof designs mixed the entire with a convincing feeling of solidarity like the waves adrift. The hypostyle lobby in here is extremely intriguing in light of the fact that it delivered exceptional active impacts because of several twofold curves balanced smoothly on lines of sections. While rehashing its wave-like curves, it makes a sentiment boundlessness. Also, in Cordoba, Alhambra, they use muqarnas top of their mosque to show infinity of the Islamic religious sense.

http://nation.com.pk/02-Aug-2016/alhambra-a-place-layered-with-ornaments

Comparing the Temple architecture between 600-800 AD

Since the age of the megalith builders many cultures have continued to find intrinsic spiritual value in pure stone. In India, designers carved out the stone cliffs or out of pilled rocks, they built their temples with subtracting art. The structure of rock cut temples preserves what nature provided. In India, there too many multiplied religion spread after Roman empire fell. Different religion has different types of temple buildings where they use nature again and again. Buddhists supported the projects for chaitya halls and viharas across the northern and central regions of India, however, they didn’t built their temples permanent. By thinking on it, there are no exact religious in India. It shows that buddhists didn’t applied their temples to their all regions in India. They hide their temples in cliffs with carving the rocks. They actually knew that cliffs could be deformated in years but they must applied their temples to hide.

While they made their temples, they used wooden architecture tecniques inside of it and they used horizontal shelves of stone. They built freestanding building -thanks to the nature- and they open one gate chaitya. (which i said before). Chaitya halls continues through a horse-shaped arch with struts and they carved under its recessed gable in imitation of wooden purlins. At the end of this continious halls, stupas rests on a cylindrical pedestral, capped with a square harmika. We see this plans on early Christian basilicas, with a wide nave flanked by side ambulatories.

When we look their constructiom and technologies they plant the square womb chamber to support a tower and the tower element which is shikhara, distinguished the Hindu temples from their buddhist precursors. The shikhars had ascenting rows of horse-shaped gavaksha gables, used as frames for sculptures.

After Indians buddhist temples, between 7th and 9th century, Islamic religion spread towards the middle-east empires. In difference, Islamic religion spread really fast and we can say that there is autorized religion in middle-east and Muslims didn’t have to hide. So they built their structures permanently. Also they built their temples ‘camii’ with minaret. In addition, we can easily match Islamic temples to Buddhist with tower-minaret usage next to their temples. However, they differentiate with their cult structures. Most of the Camii’s has dome with small and huge scale which depends in what dome purpose for. In that ages, they use domes at middle of the structure to show Khalifas’ zone. They built that zone to protect Khalifas against the assanation. However, some of the temples have huge domes because trying to show magnificiancy of the Islamic religion. In Islamic temples, mostly of them using horse-shaped arches on facade and enterences same as Buddhist temples. Some of the arches has double arch system in their building aswell.

In conclusion, architectural systems and architectural tecniques shows us different religions using same tecniques in their building with same operation to fascinate the believers to attract their religion. We observe dome condition firstly in pagan religion and in ancient greek architecture, continues in Roman and Greek basilicas, upgraded in Bizantyne architecture and we saw in different location and different religion where are Indian Buddhist architecture and middle-Asian Islamic adchitecture.

Ancient Rome:Governing Through Architecture

The Roman Empire adopted a comprehensive approach to urban architecture, building hundreds of cities throughout the Mediterranean.

Roman buildings constructed with concrete. They use different way how is with volcanic substance pizzolona. They mixed pizzolona with water and aggregates with planer bricks. It connects durable ‘sack’ walls as solid as stone. They shaped the concrete and support with wood. They used this tecniques nearly every geometric configuration.

Vitrivius- who is the ancient Roman architect – wrote ‘on Architecture’ between 33 and 14 BC. Vitrivius proposed the famous theorotical triad; strenght,utility and beauty as the basic criteria of architecture. Also, he combine this idea to the rule for the construction and the decoration of Romestructures. His main principles of the beauty perceded a system based on harmonic propotions, rational designing layout and the decorative use of classical orders.

POMPEII

Rome acquired the small city of Pompeii as a colony. They built Pompeii as Rome and Pompeii contains the best preserved examples of Roman architecture. (Forum of Pompeii, Basilica of Pompeii, the market, macellum, round columnar pavilion)

THEATERS AND BATHS

Unlike the Greek architecture Romans built free-standing monuments in city landings. They use arches and concrete walls in their structures. Also, they invented a new form of theatre with this tecnique amphitheatre.

Their baths were huge and they have three types of baths (hot, warm, cool). Baths were divided into women’s and men’s section.

DOMUS and INSULA

The Roman houses looked inward, thightly organized around collonaded courts;

• Street façade often had shopsto either side of the entry
• Interior atrium
• Private courts
• Owners office

Rich romans built villas outside of the Rome.

Architecture in 700-200 BCE

In this week, I read on Achamenid Empire, the strongest empire, and the Greek city-states architecture.

Firstly, Achamedians are military-based empire and they built their capital at nowadays Persepolis.

At Persepolis they utilize ascended as finishing articulations of magnificent expert and social resistance. The formal porches with sculpteal help boards and tremendous hypostyle corridors were possessed to administer an incredible multiethnic confederation.

In hattusha,the dividers rose 12m and were expressed with marginally higher towers set at 10 m interims, peaking a serrated impact. Crowfoot parapets were ventured merlons, limed the towers.

Entryways are situated at inverse side of the city inferring a lattice of straight avenues inside the dividers.

Head sargon, he set his royal residence with sanctuaries and ziggurats. his stronghold ascended on an amazing porch fixed with creased dividers a few stories over the level of whatever is left of the city. Two royal residence entryways were scaled colossaly. They decorade the animals with bull body, falcon wing and unshaven man head.

Royal residence of sargon bunch of optional spots for the sovereign’s guests. Likewise, sanctuaries alligned 10′ east of the other buildings.(astronomical coordinates)

The triple gateways at the highest point of the slope were protected by collosal sets of shedus.

Beyond the portals, open square court lays. Designers used orthogonal coordinates for standing tradition and set the entrence of the places assymetric to discourage direct access.

In new Babylon; The leader of the new babylon arranged significant activities for babylon recharging, including incredible sanctuaries and the stylized processiom course to enchance the city’s philosophical part.

Three arrangements of dividers, the ziggurat of Entenemaki, the Esagila Temple devoted to the god marduk and the huge supreme castle with hanging gardens. Likewise Entenemaki was the most elevated working on the planet around then.

In Emperor Darius, he chose a new capital and it had grand palace complex visitors reach Persepolis across the stone highways. We can saythat they connect topography and the building.

In Greek city-states, As the many-sided quality of athenian government expanded, each new capacity brought about a specific building sort which are the prytaneion(city lobby), the skias, the strategeion and the bouleuterion (senate house)

Greek colonies and orthogonal planning

The greek grid organized in horizontal bands as an expedienr way to divide the land , shape the structure of the city and control its future growth.

In the wealthier Delian houses geometrically consummate court prompted a pastas set off by segments and furthermore it was totally sorrounded by segments in a peristyle. Different parts of the house had more easygoing requests.

The oikos were the littlest normal dominators of the geometrically requested Greek polis.

The wonderful incomplete sanctuary at Segesta, Sicily conveys the engraving of the sort: an oblonh peripteral structure, enwrapped on every last bit of it’s sides by a screen of stone sections, ringed by a thick pediments in the peaks at their ends.The Greek sanctuary varies from the religious structures of the prior settlements in two ways: it’s uncommon connection in the middle of scene and it’s entrancing colonnaded outside. For instance the Parthenon in Athens was settled in nonurban ranges as a landmadk related with their legends of their divine beings.

Greek sanctuaries had tree distinctive segment styles: Doric, Ionic and Corinthean. They depended on predictable extents.

The Greek individuals remmained autonomous however shared basic religious convictions. The shirines which are utilized to go on a journey were bound together skillet Hellenic culture.

One of the container Hellenic site that has created in Delphi is on the lower slants of Mount Parnassus. The Doric sanctuary of Apollo had a way when we entered it and it incorporated a tholos, devoted to Athena,treasuries, or more the sanctuary a theather and a stadium.

At both Olympia and Delphi, the visual associations of the sanctuaries to far off scene highlights secured a dealogue amongst nature and engineering.

A splendid representation for a popularity based society, Greek sanctuaries were made of indistinguishable parts, however no two were similar…

Toward the finish of sixth century, Athens turned into the main city of Greece. They made an unrivaled arms stockpile, a vast naval force and a managerial framework. Some of these went towards building foundation and landmarks for the city.

The Parthenon showed up hafmoniously adjusted and made of equivalent amounts of, yet none of the Doric colums or the widths inbetween them were the same. What number of sections would have been developed were chosen by some numerical culculations.

The planners concerned the Parthenon like a fabulous work of model, ladened with help friezes and utilized principally to contain a clossal statue of the goddess. Greeks considered stone workers better than planners since they could replicate the picture if the god, which clarifies us the underlying part given to Phidias.

The best, fameous educators kf Athens, for example, Sokrates and Plato drove their understudies on strolls amid their open deliberations. The peripatetic arrangement of learning while at the same time strolling achieved it’s develop shape.

A standout amongst the most strange new works of the Acropolis, the Erechtheion, was the last to be compleated( about 10 years afte the passing of Perices). It by and large credited to Mnesicles, it flagged another desire for half breed shapes. It was by all accounts an Ionic sanctuary from the east. This clashed with, be that as it may, by a moment, taller Ionic patio at the edge of the north rise. In here, one entered a darling haven dedicated  to Athena’s riva, Poseidon. The second yard likewise shielded an entryway which is prompting a walled gardes which ensured a hallowed olive tree. On the another level, the patio of te cartatids removed from the back southern corner, confronting the Parthenon. The six sculptec ladies were supporting an entablature among their heads.

For Alexander the Great, the Parthenon spoke to Greek social prevalence. He advanced Greek culture with teacher eagerness, and his name ended up plainly undetachable from Helenism, or the transmission of Greek thoughts.

Alexander’s initially involvement with engineering accompanied the Phiippeion, a tholos sanctuary at Olympia committed to his dad. This round sanctuary communicated both a feeling of having a place a reasonable distinction. It had a right corresponding dialect.

The Great Altar at Pergamon turned into the huc of the regal city. An expansive flight of stairs drove us through an Ionic collonade to an inward court for making consumed penances. Within it there were figures which appeared to blast out of the stone. Like the frieze of the Parthenon, it helped the old duality to remember Greek versus savage that had beeen a steady subject in the traditional polis.

Pargemon, an imperial Greek city, had porches which offers us some great showy settings.

Toward the finish of the third century BCE, Ashoka supported a progression of engraved segments and ceremoni hills to advance his political and religious feelings.

The descendent innovation of the theather got from the Greek requirement for discourse. As another compositional sort, the adjusted seating space for the group of onlookers and raised stage for the on-screen characters demonstrated the connections of the vote based process in the Agora.

Architecture in 1500-750 bc

I read about world architecture in 1500-750 bc. in this week. Firstly, Cretans are located in todays Crete where is an island. In Minnoans Crete, they built their cities without defensive walls and they had no linear settlements, they built indirect circulations became lybrinths.

In Gournia, they built their city as a urbanform which included a temple and a shaped public space. When we observed the houses of Gournia, they built crowded and small.

In Knossos, they built lybrinth-like settlements. The lybrinth of the Knossos, city’s great temple complex. A carefully covered road with a central rut for direnage extended in straight sections from the temple to the harbour. They also built fortified walls where lybrinths’ west and east side. Another defensive thing in Knossos temple was maze-like circulation method.

After Minnoans, Myceneans were seen. They have really similar architecture with Minnoans. However they use the city locations-strategic position of the city– to defense their city. Also, they heavily fortified hilltop towns resulted from local infighting among their lords. Lords built a great hall,megaron to dominated the townscape. Somehow in Hattusha, they built incomplete military base city organisation. Hittits locate the city of Hattusha near the hilly forest next to the Boğazkale town. They use corbel techniques that most likely influenced the masonary of the Mycenaeans.

In old Kingdom of Egypt structural concept was closed spaces and unconnected spatial relations. However, in new Kingdom of Egypt architecture, exhibited acquired a sophisticated method of spatial combinations. They start in their courtyards with pylon and continues with huge monumental halls. In Thebes, they have military-based civilization. They used Thebes as their capital. So, they started to built temples, halls and courtyards. They built their temples in a grander complexes structured on columned line axis. In Karnak, temple of Amon, was built in axiality that shows us New Egypt Kingdom architecture.